Organisational Effectiveness for Productivity and Performance

Question: Talk about theOrganisational Effectiveness for Productivity and Performance. Answer: Authoritative viability has concentrated on the idea about how well associations can contend among themselves and how rapidly they can carry various sorts of significant items to the market. It likewise covers how various associations meet their status in the network and give procedures to meet their productivity and increment appeal to possible workers (Bolino, Long and Turnley 2016) In basic terms, authoritative viability thinks about how well an association plays out its business. In the current age, the business condition is changing at an extremely quick rate as it is driven by various computerized change and more prominent rivalry (Mitchell 2013). This regularly prompts a requirement for persistent Innovation and in this way supervisors should step up to the plate and present actualize and assess various methodologies which would help in making the hierarchical adequacy. The accompanying article will be essentially concentrating on the alternate points of view that supervisors ought to create to assess authoritative viability. Each administrator should attempt to assess the authoritative viability by understanding the worker's idea of their hierarchical objectives. The supervisor should attempt to assess whether the workers have a reasonable vision and have a legitimate thought regarding their job lucidity. They should remember that time, vitality and stress regularly gets squandered if the representatives feel that the guidelines are dubious or that their work covers with the work being finished by others. The chief ought to likewise assess that whether the association is having the right number of levels of work (Yen and Teng 2013). This is on the grounds that too barely any levels can cause issues during the hour of correspondences and make incredible holes in the work process. High number of layers can make superfluous organization. They may likewise bring about the worker's inclination smothered in their dynamic in an arrangement of gathering work. The chief ought to likewise assess whether the repres entatives are having adequate position to embrace any of their duties. The director ought to likewise ensure that their independence isn't abused by the workers (Branch, Ramsay and Barker 2013). He ought to assess that there are appropriate limit inside which the individuals should settle on choices that would be founded on the abilities just as information and the various encounters. The administrator ought to likewise ensure that he doesn't turn into an unbending pioneer however permit the representatives to take choice inside the extent of their own capacity so they can feel esteemed and regard it. This thusly increments hierarchical adequacy by expanding the profitability just as the productivity of the laborers. Another significant viewpoint that the chiefs ought to use by assessing authoritative adequacy is that whether he can make a culture of decency, straightforwardness and genuineness in the work environment (Kaplan et al. 2014). The representative need to feel that the hi erarchical culture give trustworthiness and simultaneously consolation to the laborers to keep up reasonableness in their work. Along these lines the supervisors ought to be straightforward during enrollment, compensation exchange just as preparing. Analysts state that representatives even prepare to acknowledge a mainstream choice in the event that they feel that their associations treat them reasonably and gives transparency in their choice. Administrators need to show boldness just as close to home respectability which are a portion of the fundamental variables for keeping up authoritative viability. The administrator can likewise assess the authoritative viability by intently checking the exhibition of the workers and accordingly apportioning them to specific instructional course with the goal that the representatives can likewise get the extent of advancement of the aptitudes just as information (Sikora and Ferris 2014). Appropriate assessment of the hierarchical adequacy by in vesting more energy with the representative, defining explicit objectives for them, giving them specific input by their aptitudes and encounters and subsequently supporting and making open doors for them to learn on work are significant for keeping up profitability of the association. There are numerous directors who feels undermined from helping their triumphs to build up their abilities for their jobs which may compromise their own position. Anyway this ought not be the situation as it influences hierarchical adequacy. Helping the workers and making a progression plan for them help the representative to comprehend their drawn out potential in the association encourages them to improve representative inspiration and commitment in the association (Laschinger et al. 2014). The assessment of the fruitful arrangement executed for the workers would assist them with understanding how they are acting in their particular jobs and demonstrating devotion for the organization which would thus ly assist him with understanding their commitment for hierarchical adequacy. Another significant viewpoint that ought to be in the brain of the chiefs is to ensure that every one of the representatives are having word related wellbeing and standardized savings in the association like having another water cooler or having broad program of offices like in house word related advisors, and other social offices (Anitha 2014). So as to comprehend the necessities of the worker the director can lead administration through which the diverse significant offices required by the representatives would come into see (Cameron and Green 2015). Another significant rules that the supervisors should cover so as to build up legitimate hierarchical viability and assess a similar that the directors ought to make chances to give criticism from the representative in regards to various issues in the association and furthermore guarantee that they are taking part every single exercises of the association. Fr om this disposition of the laborers, the supervisors can assess that whether they are content with the work environment or methodologies are required to make them progressively energetic and roused in the work environment so they can support the authoritative objectives and targets (Certo 20150. From the whole conversation it becomes apparent that right viewpoint should be held by the administrators with the goal that they can add to the expansion of authoritative adequacy. A portion of the significant systems that they should take is to assess that whether the group is having a reasonable thought regarding the hierarchical objectives and realizes how to accomplish them and furthermore assess that whether the association is having the Correct degrees of work. They additionally should investigate that whether they are giving the perfect measure of power, making a legitimate culture of genuineness and decency, likewise structuring appropriate instructing classes is this representatives are not having the option to coordinate to the gauges of the association. Additionally setting up word related wellbeing and social offices and advancement of a legitimate progression plan are likewise significant for expanding authoritative viability.. The director who can successfully present such procedures during assessment of the authoritative adequacy can assist the association with reaching its targets quicker. References: Anitha, J., 2014. Determinants of worker commitment and their effect on representative performance.International diary of efficiency and execution the board. Bolino, M., Long, D. what's more, Turnley, W., 2016. Impression the board in associations: Critical inquiries, answers, and zones for future research.Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior,3, pp.377-40 Branch, S., Ramsay, S. furthermore, Barker, M., 2013. Working environment tormenting, mobbing and general badgering: A review.International Journal of Management Reviews,15(3), pp.280-299. Cameron, E. furthermore, Green, M., 2015.Making feeling of progress the executives: A total manual for the models, instruments and strategies of authoritative change. Kogan Page Publishers. Certo, S., 2015.Supervision: Concepts and aptitude building. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Kaplan, S., Cortina, J., Ruark, G., LaPort, K. what's more, Nicolaides, V., 2014. The job of authoritative pioneers in representative feeling the executives: A hypothetical model.The Leadership Quarterly,25(3), pp.563-580. Laschinger, H.K.S., Wong, C.A., Cummings, G.G. what's more, Grau, A.L., 2014. Thunderous authority and work environment strengthening: The estimation of positive authoritative societies in diminishing work environment incivility.Nursing Economics,32(1), p.5. Mitchell, G., 2013. Choosing the best hypothesis to execute arranged change: Improving the work environment expects staff to be included and developments to be kept up. Gary Mitchell examines the hypotheses that can help accomplish this.Nursing Management,20(1), pp.32-37. Sikora, D.M. also, Ferris, G.R., 2014. Key human asset practice execution: The basic job of line management.Human Resource Management Review,24(3), pp.271-281. Yen, C.H. also, Teng, H.Y., 2013. The impact of centralization on authoritative citizenship conduct and degenerate working environment conduct in the friendliness industry.Tourism Management,36, pp.401-410.

A Boarding Pass free essay sample

It started with a thin ticket, imprinted in blurring ink, stuffed into the back pocket of my pants. It moved me through air terminal security and onto a flight set out toward the Charles de Gaulle air terminal. It hung tight with me for outsiders in an unfilled terminal at 12 PM. I remained with a receiving family for barely fourteen days, and Paris imbued my heart with the craving to continue pulsating. The days softened together, melded by daylight, road lights, and alarms. Squad cars, with their sparkling red lights, resembled melodic boxes, spilling songs out onto the yellow avenues. Following a solitary night, double notes overloaded my fantasies. My feet hurt from strolling and my silver ribbon up shoes broke over the bottoms, from rushing here and there trips of Metro station steps. Strolling among crowds of new faces, an immaterial inclination overpowered and engaged me. The main week, anxious pressure beat a cadence into my skull and my tongue stumbled over itself to let out outside expressions. We will compose a custom paper test on A Boarding Pass or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Continuously week, the huge magnificence of the city had immersed me and its diligence moved through my veins. On the day we climbed up to the Sacre-Coeur, a whole slope of silvery white advances lay before me, lined by manicured supports and visitor signs. At the top, encompassed by German travelers with cameras lashed over their bodies, and bohemian Parisians with dreadlocks and guitars, I inhaled a substantial moan of discharge. With the old structure to my back, the flying perspective on the city charmed me. A twenty-something kid sang an intensely emphasized rendition of the Beatles’ ‘Strawberry Fields’, shaking the wooden dots upon his wrist with each swipe at his guitar strings, and my lips curved into a grin. The breeze tore at my hair and I understood how comparative individuals are. Coming back to Saint Michel de Picpus with my receiving family, I saw an elderly person sitting upon a recreation center seat. His arms lay outstretched to take care of a pigeon between his palms. For a second, his eyes bolted with mine and I comprehended we were the equivalent. We bo th had space to trust. My secondary school French could just convey me so far in Paris, however it permitted me to get a handle on the substance of being human. Regardless of whether we communicate in an unknown dialect or live in an alternate domain, we as a whole inhale a similar air. Loading up a United trip back to the States, the flavorful vibe of something new droned inside my veins. What's more, my heart started to take off.

The Effect of PTSD on the Brains Hippocampus

The Effect of PTSD on the Brain's Hippocampus PTSD Related Conditions Print The Effect of PTSD on the Hippocampus By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on January 23, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on February 05, 2020 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children  Jetta Productions Inc/Getty Images Advances in medical technology, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have offered insight into the role the brain may play in different mental disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Researchers have focused specific attention on the hippocampus in cases of PTSD. What Is the Hippocampus? The hippocampus is a part of the limbic system of the brain. The limbic system describes a group of brain structures that surround the brain stem. The brain structures that make up the limbic system play a major role in how one  experiences certain emotions (fear and anger), motivations, and memory.?? The hippocampus is responsible for the ability to store and retrieve memories. People who have experienced some kind of damage to their hippocampus may have  difficulties storing and recalling information. Along with other limbic structures, the hippocampus also plays a role in a persons ability to overcome fear responses.?? The Hippocampus Role  in PTSD Many people with PTSD experience memory-related difficulties. They may have difficulty recalling certain parts of their traumatic event.?? Alternatively, some memories may be vivid and always present for these individuals. People with PTSD may also have problems overcoming their fear response to thoughts, memories or situations that are reminiscent of their traumatic event. Due to the hippocampus role in memory and emotional experience, it is thought that some of the problems people with PTSD experience may lie in the hippocampus.?? How Might PTSD Affect the Hippocampus? Some studies suggest that constant stress  may damage the hippocampus.?? When we experience stress, the body releases a hormone called cortisol, which is helpful in mobilizing the body to respond to a stressful event. Some animal studies, though, show that high levels of cortisol may play a role in damaging or destroying cells in the hippocampus. While cortisol is released in higher amounts when a person is under a great deal of stress, either chronically or acutely, this process is actually more complicated than just elevated cortisol. The increase in cortisol also signals the immune system, which releases inflammatory chemicals called cytokines, which in turn can activate cells called microglia. These in turn switch from production of serotonin to a higher production of glutamate, a very important excitatory neurotransmitter that, if present in excessive amounts, can lead to brain cell damage or death.?? Such a constant barrage of higher glutamate levels may be what damages the hippocampus. Antidepressants such as SSRIs (such as Prozac) and SNRIs (such as Cymbalta) help to block the transport of these inflammatory cytokines across the blood-brain barrier. Researchers have also looked at the size of the hippocampus in people with and without PTSD. They have found that people who have severe, chronic cases of PTSD have smaller hippocampi?? . This indicates that experiencing ongoing stress as a result of severe and chronic PTSD may ultimately damage the hippocampus, making it smaller. Does the Hippocampus Play a Role in Determining PTSD Risk? Not everyone who experiences a traumatic event develops PTSD. Therefore, researchers have also proposed that the hippocampus may play a role in determining who is at risk for developing PTSD. Specifically, it is possible that having a smaller hippocampus may be a sign that a person is vulnerable to developing a severe case of PTSD following  a traumatic event. Some people may be born with a smaller hippocampus, which could interfere with their ability to recover from a traumatic experience, putting them at risk for developing PTSD. In twin studies that focused on  identical twins, with one twin exposed to a traumatic event (combat) and the other unexposed, researchers are able to look at pre-existing vulnerabilities that may be present in both twins, as well as differences that may be due to trauma.?? Since twin participants share the same genes, studying identical twins can provide insight into the influence of genetics on developing certain conditions. For example, in this case, if the person who developed PTSD has a smaller hippocampus and has a non-trauma exposed twin who has a smaller hippocampus, it would suggest that a smaller hippocampus may be a sign of genetic vulnerability for developing PTSD following a traumatic experience. In fact, this is exactly what researchers have found. People with severe PTSD had a smaller hippocampus, and they also had a non-trauma exposed twin with a smaller hippocampus. Consequently, a smaller hippocampus may be a sign that a person is vulnerable or more likely to develop PTSD after a traumatic experience. Of course, it is important to remember that twins often share the same environment growing up, so it is difficult to tease apart the role nature versus nurture plays in the size of a persons hippocampus. So, the verdict is still out on the true relationship between the hippocampus and PTSD. How This Information Can Be Used There is still much to learn about the role certain parts of the brain play in PTSD formation. Knowing how PTSD affects the brain (and vice versa), however, is very important to study. Understanding which parts of the brain may impact PTSD can lead to the development of more effective medications for treating the disorder. In addition, this information may also help us better identify who is at risk for developing PTSD following a traumatic event.

How Secondary Qualities Can Fit Into The Theoretical...

In this paper, I will consider whether experiences of secondary qualities can fit into the theoretical framework of functionalism. I will begin this discussion by thoroughly explicating functionalism and the threat posed to it by secondary qualities. I will then consider Nida-Rà ¼melin’s inverted qualia argument and will contend that it employs a false conception of color perception. Finally, I will argue that experiences of secondary qualities may be analyzed through the functionalist model only after Lewis’ stipulation of the appropriate population is redefined. But first I must explicate functionalism itself. Functionalism broadly construed rests on the identity claim that concepts of mental states are concepts of functional states. In other words, the mental state that we call pain is defined causally by its functional role. We know that pain is apt to be caused by certain stimuli, such as pain or extreme heat, and is apt to cause certain responses, such as wincing and wishing for the pain to stop. Mental states, furthermore, are only contingently identical to their corresponding physical states. Though human pain may be identified with its neural state, the overarching concept of pain is non-rigid and may be applied to all states that are apt to be caused by certain stimuli and are apt to cause certain responses. This non-rigidity is a key feature functionalism, as it allows for creatures biologically unlike humans to experience pain. For example, the MartianShow MoreRelatedTracing Theoretical Approaches to Crime and Social Control: from Functionalism to Postmodernism16559 Words   |  67 Pagesteam of sociologists: to my peers for their support, in particular, Mike Trask, Joanni Hache, Caroline Trudel, and Alex Wilson; to my best friend Nicole Prime, your continuous friendship and educational assistance is appreciated more than words can express; to Dr. Jim Brittain for your influential insight into Karl Marx and the capitalistic social order; thank you to my second thesis supervisor, Dr. Anthony Thomson, for your unwavering patience, which afforded me a space of peace and tranquilityRead MoreCognitive psychology  . Essay5542 Words   |  23 Pagesof human cognition, that is, all our mental abilities – perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, reasoning, and understanding. The term â€Å"cognition† stems from the Latin word â€Å" cognoscere† or to know. 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Robert Frosts Poems Analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 661 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/02/14 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: Poetry Analysis Essay Did you like this example? Robert Lee Frost was an award winning American poet. He was an extremely successful poet that was known as a tragic poet. Frost uses ordinary speech in his poetry in hopes of making sense to readers and uses a lot of ordinary, everyday situations in his poetry. Even after dealing with much tragedy in his life Frost was able to write beautiful and unforgettable poetry. Robert Frost uses great imagery, symbols, and themes in his poems. His poems show a very clear, vivid picture of what is happening is occurring and do not leave readers with questions. Frost’s poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is a bittersweet poem and was written in 1916. In this poem most of the imagery is visual. Frost uses imagery to describe the setting throughout the poem. â€Å"Two roads diverged in a yellow wood† (line 1). Right away the reader is able to visualize that the season is fall since the woods are yellow. Robert Frost chose a very relatable, understanding topic for this poem and a common matter people have to deal with. The theme is major decision making and what path to choose at the crossroads. â€Å"And sorry I could not travel both† (line 2). Although the marvelous outcome isn’t always clear this poem shows that you have to make the decision with confidence. The diverged roads symbolize the adventure life takes you on. â€Å"Because it was grassy and wanted wear† (line 8), symbolizes that the narrator wants to take on an adventure unusual from what he or she would normally do. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Robert Frosts Poems Analysis" essay for you Create order â€Å"Fire and Ice† is a poem about destruction written in 1923. It is a short, but powerful poem as Robert Frost shows us that both fire and ice can be destructive. The imagery is displayed in the fire and ice, too much of heat or cold can be powerful and destroy. In moderation both are pleasant and appealing. Fire symbolizes desire and ice symbolizes hatred. Frost is showing a possibility of how the world can end in this poem from destructive people. â€Å"Some say the world will end in fire / Some say in ice† (line 1-2). The destructive people being the ones that have the desire to do potentially harming activities and cold feelings like fire and ice. Destructive desires could be polluting the world and harming people. â€Å"As the speaker indicates by the end of the poem, both emotions and conditions are potentially violent and sufficient to destroy the world† (Explanation of: â€Å"Fire and Ice†). â€Å"Mending Wall† was written in 1914 and describes a wall that separates neighbors. In a way the wall brings the neighbors together but it separates them more than anything. The only way it brings them together is the annual repairing of the stone wall. â€Å"I have come after them and made repair† (line 6). The theme of this poem is the unnecessary separation humans create between each other. The narrator doesn’t seem too sure of the tradition of repairing the stone wall and the narrator views the wall as useless and a hassle. â€Å"There where it is we do not need the wall† (line 23). The stone wall is the principal symbol of this poem and it represents the physical and psychological barrier between the neighbors. The gaps in the poem represent openings that could lead to new experiences. â€Å"Frost mischievously navigates through the many meanings and functions of boundaries; how they separate, unite, and ultimately, how they might mend† (Pe rlow and Furman). In conclusion, all three of these poems written by Robert Frost have completely different meanings but all three are clear, visual stories. Frost’s poetry has to be some of the most easily understood poetry and he doesn’t lack a use of imagery, theme, or symbols in his poetry. Robert Frost uses a major sense of reality throughout his poetry and embraces real world problems in his writing, which I’m sure is why many people consider him one of the greatest American poets of the twentieth century.

Virtual Environments at a Geographical Scale, in either a Rural or an Urban Free Essays

Introduction To understand the word Virtual Environments, we have to go through the term Virtual Reality (VR). The term ‘VR’ means a computer simulated environments which can simulate the physical presence in places in the real world and also in the imaginary world. Most of the current virtual reality environments are firstly the visual experiences which are either displayed on the screen or through special additional sound effects. We will write a custom essay sample on Virtual Environments at a Geographical Scale, in either a Rural or an Urban or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now-a-days, these virtual environments are being employed in many areas such as gaming, computer science, geography etc. A good example in the context of geography is Virtual Globe. This is a 3D software model or just to say a representation of the Earth or another world. It provides the user, an ability to freely move around in the virtual environment. The viewing angle and position can be changed and provides a real virtual world. Different geographical features such as roads, buildings, and also demographic quantities such as population can also be viewed in a very real virtual environment. On 20th of November, 1997, Microsoft released a very popular virtual globe in name of Encarta virtual Globe 98, which was followed by Cosmi’s 3D World Atlas in the year 1999. But the first publicized online virtual globes were NASA World Wind (mid-2004) and Google Earth (mid-2005). The application of the virtual environments, in the context of the geographical visualisation which is lik ely geovisualisation had many challenges that are involves in that. Working on this aspect, over the past decade had many successful results. Visualisation in scientific computing (ViSC) is one of the successful implementations in this area particularly. To be more successful in the visual presentation, one should take the fullest advantage regarding the cognitive systems developed for interacting with the real world. However the use of the virtual environments in the visualisation includes many challenges and poses many questions regarding these either in a rural or an urban landscape. The special challenges in this are mainly with the kinds of information depicted, methods which are developed on this information over decades on depicting that particular information and then for what that information is applied was the problem. The virtual environments can be analysed by considering many aspects into consideration. The main thing is that â€Å"what may be meant by an environmentâ € . Then comes â€Å"What is meant by the process of virtualization† and next is that â€Å"Some aspects of the human performances that constrain the environmental design†. These are aspects involved in analysing the VE’s. Any experiment that is likely to be conducted in the virtual environment comes very closer to the issue in the real environment. In Conroy, 2001 it was stated that the previous research investigating topological perception and the way finding in the virtual and real patterns has shown the movement patterns in real and virtual environments are very much alike. In the experiment conducted regarding the distance calculation through a virtual environment, by taking six urban areas in to consideration, there are many key points that were observed at the end of the experiment analysis. The one with more heights are more confusing, windows and doors doesn’t make any big difference, too much detail etc were the comments received after the ex periment. In this experiment, in order to investigate the perceptive of the scale, the virtual urban environment’s were explored and navigated to observe this particular issue. Now, we will consider steamboat Chronicles, which is a game that represents a virtual environment. This is being discussed here because this also interestingly displays some similar characteristics to the urban landscapes. In this game, the player is likely to identify and discover the place by crossing the obstacles and boundaries same as in real life. It is necessary in this game to stop at stop-signs, respecting the speed limits etc and which is similar to the facets of the urban structures that we generally experience in our own real urban landscapes. And now this leads a viewer to consider this system in our own real urban landscapes, which helps in improving the transportation facilities, helping the law enforcement agencies etc. The innovation in the transportation technology can be observed in this particular game. This is how, the virtual environments brings up the issues and will become as grounds for some new technological innovations. A great change in one system can reflect a change that is made in another system and finally that would reflect on the total system. This is a rapidly changing world with a rapidly increasing technology. Now-a-days, the computer power and graphical display capabilities are tremendously increased. This is why the virtual environments have now proven to be more and more powerful medium for visualising. The visualisation of the spatial information and sharing these experiences regarding a common virtual study with other people is done through this medium. The combination of the virtual environments and the decision making practices for a good understanding of the real environments and its related dynamic natural processes. By this, these provide us a good opportunity for a greater involvement in the community decision making. When we consid er a particular case study area â€Å"Tool bin catchment in Western Australia†, a Live Link provides a network link between some game engine and a GIS. By this action, it helps communities envision landscape changes and in evaluating the decisions made in association with the selected scenarios. Augmented reality usually refers to the technology that is being integrated with the human sensory input or output. There are many good examples for the virtual environments and their capability in the context of rural or urban landscapes. Mostly, when we consider some popular games such as final fantasy VII, Farmville etc they present themselves as best examples for the virtual environments and we all know how addicting those games are. We will be in a different environment which provides reality with non-reality. To conclude, the virtual environments provides best ways in visualisation as a good medium for communicating as well as several other purposes in the context of geography. References: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_globe http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_environment#VR_reconstruction http://www.geovista.psu.edu/publications/NPIVM99/ammNPIVM.pdf http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B75C5-48TN3T9-1_user=10_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1991_rdoc=1_fmt=high_orig=gateway_origin=gateway_sort=d_docanchor=view=c_acct=C000050221_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=1bdd9ec15514f2be59913321de9ed895searchtype=a http://www.spacesyntaxistanbul.itu.edu.tr/papers%5Clongpapers%5C105%20-%20Mavridou.pdf http://blogs.utexas.edu/gamegeog/http://www.springerlink.com/content/m6542k3nnrm44kgr/ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6V9K-4DDXMB2-2_user=10_coverDate=05%2F31%2F2005_rdoc=1_fmt=high_orig=gateway_origin=gateway_sort=d_docanchor=view=c_acct=C000050221_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=18c35dfff1c4c7c51ec78f0190bac901searchtype=a http://books.google.com/books?hl=enlr=id=M3rAuvR-o-gCoi=fndpg=PA26dq=Virtual+Environments+at+a+Geographical+Scale,+in+either+a+Rural+or+an+Urban+Landscapeots=T-Wfg3hln8sig=vZwcvZYMj3t_twfxRaxG9PZc-34#v=onepageqf=false http://www.mrl.nottingham.ac.uk/~cmg/cgreenhalgh-thesis-singlespaced.pdfhttp://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=331781 http://www.mightystudents.com/essay/Navigation.Virtual.Environment.160463 http://www.geovista.psu.edu/publications/ica/ica99/ http://people.plan.aau.dk/~lbo/SIM/Geoviz_06/19-bodum.pdf How to cite Virtual Environments at a Geographical Scale, in either a Rural or an Urban, Essay examples

The 10 Stages Of Waiting For College Decisions

Nothing feels more like a judgment of who you are as a person and what youve accomplished than college admissions results. As you oscillate between crushing self-doubt and steeled confidence about how your application stacks up against others , take comfort in that everyone is riding this crazy roller coaster of emotions right alongside you Here are the 10 inevitable stages of waiting for college decisions. 1. People ask how youre feeling, and you feign not caring. I feel relaxed. Theres no point in worrying.2. But the more you hear about others acceptances, the more nervous you get.I have nothing to worry about. My acceptances are coming. Theyre coming right! 3. Paranoia creeps in. What if my recommendation letter got lost in the shuffle? What if my application isnt even complete? AND I DONT EVEN KNOW?! 4. Not knowing keeps you up at night. Yes, doctor, I have a bad case of insomnia because my whole life is at stake. 5. The pressure builds to a point you need to remind yourself to breathe. In Out In Out In ARGHH, I lost count! 6. You want to know, but you also dont want to know. Can I skip school today, mom? I cant get out of bed. Im paralyzed. With fear. 7. The mere mention of college decisions sends you into an emotional death spiral. Stop asking me questions!!! I. DONT. KNOW!!!! 8. Then your first e-mail comes in. You play it cool. You got this. Its no big deal. Your entire life is just a click away. 9. You pump yourself up for the big reveal, but you have a few false starts. Yeah, Im ready. Im ready. NOPE. NOT READY. 10. Wait, is that a CONGRATULATIONS! you read?!?!?!? Dance, baby, dance. FINALLY, its your turn to share your success story!#classof2022 #collegebound! Share your with us and help others who are interested in applying to your school better understand the application process. Plus, its a great way toearn extra money as a college student! What are you waiting for?

Titanic Essay Example

Titanic Essay Example Titanic Essay Titanic Essay Project Paper This year I did my project on the titanic, the lost ship wreck at sea. I chose my project because the titanic is very interesting to me, a ship that was supposed to be unsinkable actually sunk. When people thought the titanic was unsinkable the only reason they thought that was because of what the person in charge of the whole project said it was. But the white star line never actually claimed that the titanic was unsinkable. People still believed that she was unsinkable but when the accident happened they started to doubt that she really was unsinkable. But after the people saw what happened to the titanic they started to not believe what they were being told. The white star said it was practically unsinkable, not totally unsinkable. What happened that day was very tragic, many people lost their lives due to miscalculations of the crew. Its sad how many people died on that ship. That why they dont want to retrieve the parts of the ship wreck because its like a grave yard of souls. Some cool facts about the titanic are that the titanic was heading to new York as there final destination. years prior to the titanic ship wreck the name of the boat in the book Titan was almost the same design of the titanic and was labled unsinkable. But the only thing that has the titanic labled unsinkable was that the people who made the titanic said it was realitivley unsinkable. Throught out Titanics making there were a few mistakes, they didnt put enough life boats on borad to hold all the passengers. Instead they went the easy way out. If I was on the titanic that day I really dont know what I would have done. If I as one of those people who died on the titanic then I would have been very upset to know that there werent enough life boats for everyone, and that we would have had to use them. The titanic had 2223 passengers and 1570 of those people died. Meaning 653 people lived through the titanic. If you think about it its more than half that died Though Titanics strucuture was built it was lacking some of the essential parts. They could have used a stronger metal. Once again to label a ship unsinkable is a little bit much. I say that because every ship has the chance of sinking, thats Just a art of floating on the ocean. If I would have been think about going on the titanic I would have check how many life boats were on borad. If only people could hva epredicted what was going to happen that night. A lot of lives could have been saved, but that didnt happen. The titanic had the first ever swimming pool on a boat! Now these days they have spas and hpt tubs and waterparks! Sounds fun to me. Though the titanic has sunk dosnt mean that It will forgotten. The souls that remain with her will aways be there, no matter what we do. Titanic By macharwes

ERIKSSON Surname Meaning and Origin

ERIKSSON Surname Meaning and Origin Eriksson  is a patronymic surname meaning son of Erik, or Eriks son. Eriksson is the fifth most common surname in Sweden, behind Johansson, Andersson, Karlsson, and Nilsson. Swedish patronymic son names traditionally end in -son,  not -sen.  In Denmark the regular patronymic is -sen.  In Norway, both are used, although -sen  is more common. Icelandic names traditionally end in -son  or -dotir. Thus, Eriksen or Erikssen is the most common Danish, Norwegian, Dutch and German spelling, while Erikson or Ericson is the most common spelling found in the United States. Surname Origin:  Swedish, Danish, Norwegian,  English, German Alternate Surname Spellings:  ERICSSON, ERIKSON, ERIKSSEN, ERICSSEN, ERIKSEN, ERICSEN   Fun Facts About the ERIKSSON Surname Many Danes, Norwegians and Swedes who emigrated to America with the last name Eriksson or Erikssen, dropped the extra-s  after their arrival.   Famous People with the Surname ERIKSSON Leif Ericsson - Scandanavian explorerErik Erikson - German psychologist Genealogy Resources for the Surname ERIKSSON Erikson DNA PortalLearn how to best approach DNA testing when you have a Scandinavian  patronymic surname such as Eriksson. Eriksson Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as an Eriksson  family crest or coat of arms for the Eriksson surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   Eriksson Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Ericson surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Ericson query.   FamilySearch - ERIKSSON  GenealogyExplore over 3.7  million  historical records which mention individuals with the Eriksson surname, as well as online Eriksson family trees on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. GeneaNet - Eriksson  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Eriksson  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. ERIKSSON  Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Eriksson surname. DistantCousin.com - ERIKSSON Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Eriksson. The Eriksson  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Eriksson  from the website of Genealogy Today. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Modernity and Individualism Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Modernity and Individualism - Term Paper Example Jefferson's introduction to the Enlightenment by William Small marked the beginning of a thought process that led to his rejection of the doctrines of the Anglican faith in which he had been raised† (pp. 19). Meanwhile, across the Atlantic in France, Moliere’s Tartuffe, or The Imposter, was shocking crowds, the advent of his new play suggesting that religious piety sometimes belied the true intentions of people who did not practice what they preach. It was banned by the government for a total of five years due to the fact that it was so controversial. This helped to foment the idea of individualism in an age when religious piety could no longer be trusted. Not only that, but, according to Spielvogel (2008), â€Å"†¦Renaissance humanists [had] mastered both Greek and Latin and brought new attention to ancient works by thinkers such as Ptolemy, Archimedes, and Plato. These writings†¦stimulated new scientific work that sometimes led to a complete rejection of the Classical authorities† (pp. 341). This had a great impact on how people viewed the world and set up society for what would later on grow into the modern lens which dominates American society, which is postmodernism. Postmodernism, however, did not really arrive itself until much later after the Neoclassical Period. III. Possibilities For Embracing The Common Good As an Ideal When one thinks of the common good, generally the first ideal that comes to one’s mind is utilitarianism, or the greatest good for the greatest many. Embracing the common good became a very popular sentiment with the advent of the Scientific Revolution—which was not so much a revolution in terms of violence as it was in the gradual changes in thinking that occurred during that time period. According to Spielvogel (2008), â€Å"†¦the Scientific Revolution, popularized in the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, stands as the major force in the transition to the largely secular, rational, a nd materialistic perspective that has defined the modern Western mentality in modern times† (pp. 340). During this period, women were not held in high regard, and some philosophes discredited women because they were considered lesser people in comparison to men. According to Spielvogel (2008), â€Å"†¦philosopher Benedict de Spinoza argue[d] for the ‘natural’ inferiority of women to men [in his Political Treatise]† (pp. 350). Additionally, with the advent of science taking the forefront, Rene Descartes also developed several philosophical and scientific concepts, including his theories about dualism, or popularly known as dualisme in French. According to Spielvogel (2008), Cartesian dualism and the scientific method were developed (pp. 351). IV. Positive Historical and Literary Takes on a Communal Outlook The Declaration of Independence, of course, was one of the most important historical documents to have taken place after Europe’s philosophica l movements and revolutionary theoretical developments, which set the stage for the Enlightenment. According to

Study skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Study skills - Essay Example We often taking reading for granted, without paying heed to its benefits. Amongst the fundamental benefit of reading to a student is that it helps develop the concentration skills of the reader, which in turn, leads to higher levels of attention and concentration while learning. Reading helps an individual to focus; to put aside all other thoughts and focus one’s attention on what is being conveyed by the author through the text. To add to it, reading develops the much needed comprehension skills of a student which help him/her for life (Krashen, 2004). Comprehension skills are quintessential to solving case studies, problems and other reading material. Most students score a low mark in their exams simply because they don’t read the question/rubric properly (Krashen, 2004). Most have the habit of skimming through the instructions, without paying heed to key words that should not be missed. As a result, their answer to the question is often unrelated or lacks the points required by the examiner (Krashen, 2004). This is what constitutes the problem of poor comprehension skills. By developing the habit of reading, one is able to increase one’s attention span and develop one’s ability to understand what is being conveyed by the author both literally and figuratively. Hence, reading enables students to read between the lines or develop the skills of mind application by correctly perceiving the author’s hidden message in the reading material (Rasinski, 2003). This is a crucial skill in today’s world as the world today thrives on successful interpretation of knowledge which in turn helps enhance knowledge outcomes in an information driven world. Besides, reading is a fundamental need in today’s knowledge driven world; a person who cannot read effectively cannot speak effectively as reading is quintessential to effective speech (Gallagher, 2004). Thus, reading broadens

Primark as a Subsidiary of ABF: Expansion Strategy

Primark as a Subsidiary of ABF: Expansion Strategy Primark is a subsidiary company within the Associated British Foods group. ABFs core values are shared taking care of our people, being good neighbours and fostering ethical business relationships along with the groups overriding principles in relation to human rights, employment conditions, business practices, suppliers and other stakeholders. Primarks success is led by a unique combination of fast fashion and lean operations with most based in India and Bangladesh. The first Penneys store opened in Mary Street, Dublin in June 1969 and within a year four more stores were added in the Greater Dublin area. Within a year, four more stores were added all in the Greater Dublin area. In 1971, the first large store outside Dublin was opened in Cork and by the end of that year there were 11 more stores in Ireland and one in Northern Ireland and the numbers of stores increasing to 18 by the end of 1973. In 1984, 5 more stores were added after acquisition from Woolworth. From 1984 to 1994 a further 13 stores were added in the UK and 12 in Ireland, bringing the total to 66 stores 32 in the UK and 34 in Ireland. Primark had a milestone year in 1995 with the development of the UK business following the acquisition of the BHS One-Up discount chain. This led to adding of 16 stores to the UK business in London area. The next major development occurred in 1999 with the acquisition of 11 stores from the Co-Op, including Reading. The Reading property, after much refurbishment, also facilitated the much-needed relocation of the UK buying offices. In 2000, C A retreated from the UK. Primark acquired 11 of their stores which brought store numbers to 108, consisting of 75 in UK and 33 in Ireland (Primark, 2010). A new store opened in Blanchard town, Dublin in 2001 and the numbers of stores was reached a figure of 108. It was followed by two new stores in Glasgow and Birmingham. At the end of 2001, the number of stores had grown to 109 (75 in UK and 34 in Ireland). In 2002, two major stores were opened in Glasgow and Birmingham. In the period of 2004-2005, 14 new stores were opened, and in 2005, six stores were acquired from Allders, three of which opened in 2006. In July 2005, the acquisition of Littlewoods stores by ABF plc which comprised an estate of 120 premises was completed, of which 41 stores were transferred to Primark. With an eye on global markets, Primark decided to go few step further by expanding its stores in Spain in 2006. After successful expansion in Spain, Primark decided to develop its market by entering Netherlands (Rotterdam) in December 2008, May 2009 in Germany (Bremen and Frankfurt) and December 2009 Belgium (Lià ¨ge). Despite the great expansions, internal capabilities to maintain healthy profits and lean operations, Primark, a cut-price clothes retailer, have had some ongoing bad press about their suppliers over the last couple of years including news about the use of child labour to produce their goods (Corporate EYE, 2009). The discount clothing chain beloved of bargain hunters, has been rated the least ethical place to buy clothes in Britain in 2005. Primark scores just 2.5 out of 20 on an ethical index that ranks the leading clothing chains on criteria such as workers rights and whether they do business with oppressive regimes. Mk One and Marks Spencer were ranked second and third worst for ethics by Ethical Consumer magazine (The Independent, 2005) PP protested outside stores in six cities drawing shoppers attention to the true cost of their clothes, collecting hundreds of signatures from shoppers and reaching an even wider audience through the press coverage they generated in 2005. Ethical Consumers criticised the company for not having a code of conduct, selling leather goods and environmentally-damaging PVC products and for operating in an oppressive regime China. According to Ethical Consumer, those people shopping in Primark because the prices are low, they must be aware that they are low for a reason (Ethical Consumer, 2010) Also Panorama puts Primarks claims that it can deliver cheap, fast fashion without breaking ethical guidelines to the test. Posing as industry buyers in India, the programmes reporter Tom Heap and his team find some of Indias poorest people working long, gruelling hours on Primark clothes in slum workshops and refugee camps far away from the Primark approved and inspected factories; breaking promises on child labour, working hours and wages. When presented with the results of the investigation Primark sacked a number of its suppliers and announced it was setting up a childrens foundation. Primark said it was unaware of the actions of its suppliers. They say they represent a tiny proportion of their supply chain and that its reinforcing its stringent ethical standards in meetings with suppliers (BBC, 2005) Companies often say that they are responsible but failing to recognize the real meaning and need of being ethical can affect a business in many ways. It is very important for businesses to operate in such a manner that if wont affects their reputation. This was the case with Primark who clearly failed to tackle the ethical issues well and ended up in the position of being the least ethical. Its ignorance of the interests of society led to many unsatisfied customers protesting against them. As corporate social responsibility refers to the moral obligations placed on organisations to act in ways which protect and improve the interests of the communities with which they interact and this may be in respect of local, regional, national or international communities, and relates both to social institutions and culture, and the physical environment, Watkinson Report (1973) has summed the essence of social responsibility as followed: A company should behave like a good citizen in business. The law does not (and cannot) contain or prescribe the whole duty of a citizen. A good citizen takes account of the interests of others besides him and tries to exercise an informal and imaginative ethical judgment in deciding what he should or should not do. This, it is suggested, is how companies should seek to behave. (Watkinson, 1973) Although the above statement seems quite reasonable, there is considerable debate about the extent to which organisations should respond and take on, to some extent, these kinds of responsibility. We can say that most organisations have accepted that they should, where resources permit, acknowledge at least some degree of responsibility above and beyond the law in respect of the concerns of society. Companies are, therefore, increasingly developing strategies to put this into effect, and in parallel, also developing strategies to enhance their reputation and using their socially responsible actions to build their image. Some of the main strategies for implementing social responsibility by companies are: Environmentally-Conscious Green Working Practices and Outputs with putting concern about the environment into practice means adopting policy and procedures that conserve and replenish resources, through such actions as: Ethical purchasing policies, Recycling waste products and using recycled products, Reducing the amount of physical resources used where they are not directly connected to the production process, or necessary within that (e.g. avoiding excessive packaging) and Energy conservation policies (GreenWorking, 2010) Social Accounting and Social Audit in order to assess how well an organisation is meeting its obligations to the society in which it operates, it has been suggested that it should compile a social balance sheet. This interesting idea reverses many of the points of classical accounting: for example, in terms of profit and loss, taxes paid by the organisation are treated as revenue (because they accrue to society) whereas fees and payments to the organisation are treated as costs (because they are paid by society). Society is seen as evaluating what it puts into the company and what it gets out of it. Social audit draws attention to the fact that a firms gain can sometimes be a loss to society (ASAN, 2009). Support for Community Projects using the term community to refer to the constituency served by the organisation: local, regional, national, international. Organisations support a wide variety of non-profit-making projects, such as theatre groups, concerts, sporting events. Ethical Outsourcing refers to the way in which operations are outsourced and the commitments made, and action taken, about the treatment of workers in outsourced operations. Is this particular case, Primark struggled as it failed to show the commitment made towards their suppliers. As in recent years the subject of corporate social responsibility has widened into what is generally referred to as business ethics. Ethics can be defined as moral philosophy which teaches people their duty and the reasons for it. Therefore, it can be said that ethics are principles concerned with interpersonal behaviour. If they are such principles, then: They should be universally applicable; they should provide the standards by means of which the conduct of people can be compared and they can be taught, and thus help to establish generally acceptable standards of conduct. Many business and professional groups, for example in the legal and medical fields, have adopted codes of conduct for their membership which help to establish a standard of acceptable behaviour and these in turn help to further ethical practices. After many draw backs, this is the case with Primark. Primark has developed strong code of conduct and started putting strong focused on ethical trading as they find out soon that the way in which organisations perform their activities within society has an effect both on society in general and on individuals and their values. The question how we can offer good quality fashion at low prices is now answered highlighting their success basing on big volumes, low mark-ups, and minimal advertising. The business responds quickly in the marketplace, and has short lines of management, good buying and excellent distribution. Being firm but fair with their suppliers, and offer terms that compare favourably with those of our competitors is key to their success. In fact, more than 95% of their factories are shared with other brands. Learning from the past, Primark is firmly committed to improving the ethical performance of their business and that of their suppliers and their factories. Primark recognises that as with other retailers, the key challenges in terms of endemic non-compliances remain control of working hours, unauthorised sub-contracting, minimum wages and the definition of a living wage. Working conditions are the most common cause of non-compliance but typically the easiest and quickest to address. The root causes of such poor practice in the supply chain are complex and Primark has a four-fold strategy for supporting compliance with the Code and live up to our ethical standards: supplier selection, auditing, remediation and training (Primark, 2010). Primark also supports many local charitable organisations, community projects, families and individuals across the UK and Ireland throughout the year.    Strategies that firm can Implement Primark has internal capabilities to for growth and analysing its external environment, it is suggested that Primark can invest in growth and further expansion with the focus on market development. The difficulty here lies in deciding which financial aspect to measure, since a companys financial situation represents different things to different people. For example: Shareholders in the company are mainly interested in the returns they receive for the money they have invested in terms of dividends paid and increases in share values. On the other hand, financiers, who have provided funds through loans to the company, are more interested in the risks which these represent as shown by its gearing ratio of debt/equity. Those who are suppliers of goods, services or materials to the company are mostly concerned about its liquidity and its ability to pay for such items in the short term. The companys employees are also interested in its liquidity, as this affects its ability to pay salaries. The Porters Generic Strategy Model including three strategies; cost leader, differentiator or focus/niche where Primark has placed clearly them as cost leader in the market. It has been a success adopting this strategy and therefore to maintain the position as a cost leader is beneficial for Primark. Direction of a strategy can take several different forms such as withdrawal from the market, either full or partial; can be the correct direction to take. Consolidation within a growing market is another strategic option. Market penetration is the third option which means taking advantage of opportunities to increase market share. The ease with which this can be done will depend, as with consolidation, on the current state of the market. If it is a growing market then penetration may be relatively easy, if the market is static it will be much more difficult due to the activities of larger market shareholders. In declining markets the scope for penetration will depend to a large extent on whether or not others are leaving it. Product development is another option and is often carried out by companies in order to cater for changes in consumer demands. Market development is often carried out by companies developing new markets whilst trying to maintain their position in their current market(s). One of the ways market development can be achieved is by companies starting to expanding or engaging in international trade. Diversification is an other direction which companies can take and enter into other products and/or markets, by means of internal or external development. When a company develops beyond its present product and market whilst remaining in the same area, this is described as related diversification. By developing products internally rather than using outside agencies, the company can have the advantage of using skills and knowledge acquired during the development in order to market the product more effectively. Similarly, developing new markets through the use of internal staff helps the sales force to better understand the market. Acquisition is another option. One of the advantages of acquisition as a method of carrying out a strategy is that it enables the company to obtain new products or markets very quickly. In order to test the effectiveness of acquisition Drucker has suggested five simple rules: (i) The acquiring business must consider what value it can add to the acquired business. This may include management, technology, distribution, etc. Finance is necessary but unlikely to be sufficient on its own. (ii) A common core of unity must exist between the businesses in terms of markets, products, technology, etc. This helps to create a common culture or at least sympathy between the two separate ones. (iii) The acquiring companys management must understand the business being acquired. (iv) The acquiring company must put a quality management team quickly into the acquired business. (v) The acquiring business must be able to retain the best management from both businesses. One of the ways that businesses develop is through franchises, where the franchiser is Responsible for setting up an outlet (such as Spudulike or Kwik Print) and for marketing, training, etc., and the franchise holder undertakes specific activities such as selling. Joint ventures are arrangements between organisations which remain independent but have an equal share in the new organisation. In these arrangements the assets are jointly managed but can be separated. These are organisations which are innovative and regularly the first to bring new products into the marketplace. Such a company is likely to be powerful, with a large share in the market and having high resources. It will gain a competitive advantage from being first into the market. However, leaders have to have the necessary strategies to: protect their current market share; encourage existing customers to increase their demand; attract and retain new customers; update the product design/service for its customers; introduce new products to new markets. In order to carry out these strategies, the company needs to adopt a policy of: innovation by always being ahead of its competitors; and fortification by pursuing activities which are aimed at keeping the competition down (ABE/CSP, 2004) It is best suggested that Primark should take more advantage of globalisation and utilise the opportunity to develop new markets for the growth. It can be done by entering more international trading blocks such as European countries or expansion of market through new marketing mix such as improving product distribution by use of internet order and deliver system for customers. Diversification could be a option for the investment and add a sub strategic unit depending on the internal capabilities and external opportunities. However, as Primark has been performing strong in its existing operating business, it would be beneficial to choose a strategy related to market development and keeping the same product. Globalisation and technology As it would be hard to set one definition for globalisation, in generally globalization can be defined as the interdependence, connectivity and integration on a global level with respect to the social, cultural, political, technological, economic and ecological levels. Globalisation came to be seen as more than simply a way of doing business, or running financial markets it became a process. From then on the word took on a life of its own. Centuries earlier, in a similar manner, the techniques of industrial manufacturing led to the changes associated with the process of industrialisation, as former country dwellers migrated to the cramped but booming industrial cities to tend the new machines (Guardians, 2010). As the main advantage of can be seen as globalization increases the economic prosperity and opportunity in the developing world. It also enhances the civil liberties and there is a more efficient use of resources. All the countries involved in the free trade are at a profit which results in lower prices, more employment and a better standard of life in these developing nations. It is feared that some developing regions progress at the expense of other developed regions. However, such doubts are futile as globalization is a positive-sum chance in which the skills and technologies enable to increase the living standards throughout the world. Liberals look at globalization as an efficient tool to eliminate penury and allow the poor people a firm foothold in the global economy. In two decades from 1981 to 2001, the number of people surviving on $1 or less per day decreased from 1.5 billion to 1.1 billion. Simultaneously, the world population also increased. Thus, the percentage of such p eople decreased from 40% to 20% in such developing countries (The World Bank, 2009). Globalisation has benefits in such a way that more economies and societies can take advantage. It has major effect on world market and it has resulted in many advantages. As the efforts of WTO have been paying hard to reduce barriers between the countries to promote international trade, it has been a major aspect of global economy. Goods and people can be now transferred with more ease and speed rather ten those traditional ways involving heavy documentation. One of the major points to be noted for the developing countries is the settlement of their own countries. It also increases the trade opportunities between the two countries that have dispute and by doing so it leads to avoidance of unnecessary disputes or wars. It also increases free trade between other countries and builds new or stronger relationship between nations. One of the biggest advantages is to be observed in the media sector. Global media connects all the people in the world. Not only the trade but also cultures and traditions have been transferred by people in ti all other countries leading to better understanding of cultures, religions and beliefs of each other. The society is more becoming like a global village. It also increases the interdependence of the nation states. Investment of developed countries in developing ones increases which has resulted from increased liquidity of capital. It also results in more flexibility of corporation of corporations to operate across borders increases. Effects of globalisation includes enhancement in the information flow between geographically locations. It will lead to more competition as well as new product development as the global market will be competing with new innovation which can be animated across the globe. The global common market has a freedom of exchange of goods and capital. It is more likely that companies successful in home countries will expand and take advantage of global market. From consumers point of view, it increases the choice, style and quality of same products as companies compete for the market share which will lead to reduction of prices. It has increased foreign investment, including import/export, joint ventures and foreign direct investment. Production options are also increased for the companies to produce worldwide depending on the suitability for the organisation. Free circulation of people of different nations leads to social benefits. Global environmental problems like cross-boundary pollution, over fishing on oceans, climate changes are solved by discussions easier than before. Globalisation has also led to more innovations for the solution of telecommunication by use of communication satellites, the Internet, and wireless telephones. It has also resulted in the launch of criminal courts and international justice movements. The standards applied globally like patents, copyright laws and world trade agreements are increased to protect the rights of the inventor over the whole world. Corporate, national and sub-national borrowers have a better access to external finance and therefore, worldwide financial markets have emerged. International travel and tourism has increased and this has led to more cultural diversity. Worldwide sporting events like the Olympic Games, Cricket Wold Cup and the FIFA World Cup are held globally in selected countries and it has been easier for spectators to follow the games whether through media or attending the event including music and film indu stries. Cross cultural contact increases and there is cultural diffusion all leading to increasing the desire to use foreign ideas and products. This will result in increased immigration between the countries and also give opportunities to local consumer products to be exported to other countries. Due to development of containerization for ocean shipping, the transportation costs are reduced. Technological developments are conceived as the main facilitator and driving force of most of the globalization processes. In simple definition, technology can be seen as the socialized knowledge of producing goods and services by the use of technological resources. Technology has five important elements: production, knowledge, instruments, possession and change. Technology improves our capacity to produce effective and efficient. Technology can also be defined as Know-How to produce products or services better then the competitors using resources in such a manner to gain a competitive advantage over your competitor. Technology is a result of intellectual activities and therefore, technology is type of intellectual property. Today technology is developed through research and development institutions as integral parts of the universities. Instruments are mostly physical such as computers, vacuum cleaners or pencils, but sometimes there are immaterial instruments too, such as databases or algorithms in computer programming. Those people who possess technology also control it. Controlling technology has usually something to do with economics and politics. Therefore we can speak of technologically rich and poor countries and the struggle among them usually in the forms of patents, transfers and protection of intellectual rights. Technological factors also include ecological and environmental aspects, such as RHYPE RLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDD activity, automation, technology incentives and the rate of technological change. They can determine barriers to entry, minimum efficient production level and influence outsourcing decisions. Furthermore, technological shifts can affect costs, quality, and lead to innovation. (ABE/OB, 2005) Globalisation can be seen as market expansion, concerned with extending the area in which a business operates, so that more potential customers are aware of the products or services you are providing. It also includes extending your operation in different countries. Very often organisations cannot operate at full efficiency unless they take advantage of technological factors that help them to operate globally. The need to compete has continued to grow, so that, having covered a country, the next step is to move over a continent, and then finally to sell your products/services worldwide. Most capital goods companies have moved into overseas markets as their home markets become saturated. As more and more companies become multinational corporations, so more and more service organisations such as insurance companies, have been forced to follow because these multinationals are their clients. Exporting is a method of market expansion and is usually the first step towards international tra ding. This is often followed by the business setting up locations in other countries, where its products are manufactured as well as marketed, in order to take advantage of the local availability of raw materials, or of cheap labour, thus reducing transport costs. Technology factors such as transportation and telecommunication are vital. In the case of overseas investment, it is important to have Know-How to operate effectively and efficient in the new selected market. Apart from transportations technologies, telecommunication will play a major part as overseas department or productions points will be controlled from the head office using telecommunications such as internet and phones. This next stage in development towards global trading is for the organisation to locate some of its manufacturing, distribution or marketing operations overseas will involve all major technological factors. An international business applies marketing operations across national frontiers and will usual ly have subsidiaries established in its major markets. It may even export from these subsidiaries using the technology available to them including transfer of information. Multinational companies operate in a large number of different countries. They differ mainly from international companies in terms of scale and of attitude. National identities almost disappear and managers see the world as a whole, although having local differences. Technology aspects such as research and development and innovations are key factors for those organisations. On the other hand, the technology has supported globalisation heavily and it rapidly increases the efficiency to operate effective in global markets through telecommunications, navigation, satellite, transportations and RD. (ABE, MIO) Conclusion Primark is a subsidiary company within the Associated British Foods group. ABFs core values are shared taking care of our people, being good neighbours and fostering ethical business relationships along with the groups overriding principles in relation to human rights, employment conditions, business practices, suppliers and other stakeholders. Primarks success is led by a unique combination of fast fashion and lean operations with most based in India and Bangladesh. After much criticism, Primark recognises that as with other retailers, the key challenges in terms of endemic non-compliances remain control of working hours, unauthorised sub-contracting, minimum wages and the definition of a living wage. Working conditions are the most common cause of non-compliance but typically the easiest and quickest to address. As the main advantage of can be seen as globalization increases the economic prosperity and opportunity in the developing world. It also enhances the civil liberties and t here is a more efficient use of resources. Technological factors also include ecological and environmental aspects, such as RHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDD activity, automation, technology incentives and the rate of technological change. They can determine barriers to entry, minimum efficient production level and influence outsourcing decisions. Furthermore, technological shifts can affect costs, quality, and lead to innovation. Sources Used Managing in Organisation, 2004, Association of Business Executives Organisation Behaviour, 2004, Association of Business Executives Corporate Strategy and Planning, 2004, Association of Business Executives Examples of how Technology Affects Processes in Global Business and e-Business:: http://www.securebusinessresource.com/Examples%20of%20how%20Technology%20Affects%20Processes%20in%20Global%20Business%20and%20e-Business.htm ASAN Social accounting and social audit http://www.asan.org.uk/page.php?identity=social_accounting_and_audit Green working (2010) www.eastsussex.gov.uk/environment/climatechange/working/ Bbc king of no frills fashion http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4466986.stm Primark (2010) www.primark.co.uk/ethical/trading Corporate Eye (2009) http://www.corporate-eye.com/blog/2008/06/handling-a-crisis-at-primark/ Primark is named as least ethical clothes shop By Martin Hickman Consumer Affairs Correspondent Thursday, 8 December 2005 http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/primark-is-named-as-least-ethical-clothes-shop-518600.html Ethical consumer, Panorma puts Primark on the rach http://www.ethicalconsumer.org/EthicalConsumerBlogs/tabid/62/EntryId/201/Panorama-puts-Primark-On-The-Rack.aspx Business Social responsibility (1973), Watkinson Report www.submityourarticle.com/articles/easypublish.php?art_id Guardians What is globalisation? http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/oct/31/globalisation.simonjeffery The World Bank (2009) Globalisation http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTDECINEQ/Resources/1149208-1169141694589/GlobalisationandConvergence.pdf

BraÑn Іnjury аnd Memory

Ð  brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury, Ð °lso cÐ °lled heÐ °d Ã'â€"njury or trÐ °umÐ °tÃ'â€"c brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury refers to Ð °n Ã'â€"njury where there Ã'â€"s dÐ °mÐ °ge to the brÐ °Ã'â€"n becÐ °use of Ð °n externÐ °l blow to the heÐ °d. Ð  â€Å"brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury† or â€Å"closed heÐ °d Ã'â€"njury† occurs when there Ã'â€"s Ð ° blow to the heÐ °d Ð °s Ã'â€"n Ð ° motor vehÃ'â€"cle Ð °ccÃ'â€"dent or Ð ° fÐ °ll. It Ã'â€"s the most common type of trÐ °umÐ °tÃ'â€"c brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury. However, other brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njurÃ'â€"es, such Ð °s those cÐ °used by Ã'â€"nsuffÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"ent oxygen, poÃ'â€"sonÃ'â€"ng, or Ã'â€"nfectÃ'â€"on, cÐ °n cÐ °use sÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"lÐ °r defÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"ts Іn Ð °ny cÐ °se, the skull hÃ'â€"ts Ð ° stÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °ry object Ð °nd the brÐ °Ã'â€"n, whÃ'â€"ch Ã'â€"s Ã'â€"nsÃ'â€"de the skull, turns Ð °nd twÃ'â€"sts on Ã'â€"ts Ð °xÃ'â€"s (the brÐ °Ã'â€"n stem), cÐ °usÃ'â€"ng locÐ °lÃ'â€"zed or wÃ'â€"despreÐ ° d dÐ °mÐ °ge.Ð lso, the brÐ °Ã'â€"n, Ð ° soft mÐ °ss surrounded by fluÃ'â€"d thÐ °t Ð °llows Ã'â€"t to â€Å"floÐ °t,† mÐ °y rebound Ð °gÐ °Ã'â€"nst the skull resultÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"n further dÐ °mÐ °ge (Anderson and Moore, 1995). TrÐ °umÐ °tÃ'â€"c brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury (TBІ) cÐ °n sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °ntly Ð °ffect mÐ °ny cognÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ve, physÃ'â€"cÐ °l, Ð °nd psychologÃ'â€"cÐ °l skÃ'â€"lls. PhysÃ'â€"cÐ °l defÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"t cÐ °n Ã'â€"nclude Ð °mbulÐ °tÃ'â€"on, bÐ °lÐ °nce, coordÃ'â€"nÐ °tÃ'â€"on, fÃ'â€"ne motor skÃ'â€"lls, strength, Ð °nd endurÐ °nce. CognÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ve defÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"ts of lÐ °nguÐ °ge Ð °nd communÃ'â€"cÐ °tÃ'â€"on, Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on processÃ'â€"ng, memory, Ð °nd perceptuÐ °l skÃ'â€"lls Ð °re common. PsychologÃ'â€"cÐ °l stÐ °tus Ã'â€"s Ð °lso often Ð °ltered.Ð djustment to dÃ'â€"sÐ °bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"ty Ã'â€"ssues Ð °re frequently encountered by people wÃ'â€"th TBІ. MÃ'â€"ld TrÐ °umÐ °tÃ'â€"c BrÐ °Ã'â €"n Іnjury (MTBІ) Ã'â€"s chÐ °rÐ °cterÃ'â€"zed by one or more of the followÃ'â€"ng symptoms: Ð ° brÃ'â€"ef loss of conscÃ'â€"ousness, loss of memory Ã'â€"mmedÃ'â€"Ð °tely before or Ð °fter the Ã'â€"njury, Ð °ny Ð °lterÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"n mentÐ °l stÐ °te Ð °t the tÃ'â€"me of the Ð °ccÃ'â€"dent, or focÐ °l neurologÃ'â€"cÐ °l defÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"ts. Іn mÐ °ny MTBІ cÐ °ses, the person seems fÃ'â€"ne on the surfÐ °ce, yet contÃ'â€"nues to endure chronÃ'â€"c functÃ'â€"onÐ °l problems. Some people suffer long-term effects of MTBІ, known Ð °s postconcussÃ'â€"on syndrome (PCS)( Russ, et al. 1993).People sufferÃ'â€"ng from PCS cÐ °n experÃ'â€"ence sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °nt chÐ °nges Ã'â€"n cognÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"on Ð °nd personÐ °lÃ'â€"ty. Most trÐ °umÐ °tÃ'â€"c brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njurÃ'â€"es result Ã'â€"n wÃ'â€"despreÐ °d dÐ °mÐ °ge to the brÐ °Ã'â€"n becÐ °use the brÐ °Ã'â€"n rÃ'â€"cochets Ã'â€"nsÃ'â€"de the skull durÃ'â€"ng the Ã'â€"mpÐ °ct of Ð °n Ð °ccÃ'â€"dent. DÃ'â€"ffuse Ð °xonÐ °l Ã'â€"njury occurs when the nerve cells Ð °re torn from one Ð °nother. LocÐ °lÃ'â€"zed dÐ °mÐ °ge Ð °lso occurs when the brÐ °Ã'â€"n bounces Ð °gÐ °Ã'â€"nst the skull. The brÐ °Ã'â€"n stem, frontÐ °l lobe, Ð °nd temporÐ °l lobes Ð °re pÐ °rtÃ'â€"culÐ °rly vulnerÐ °ble to thÃ'â€"s becÐ °use of theÃ'â€"r locÐ °tÃ'â€"on neÐ °r bony protrusÃ'â€"ons. The brÐ °Ã'â€"n stem Ã'â€"s locÐ °ted Ð °t the bÐ °se of the brÐ °Ã'â€"n.Ð sÃ'â€"de from regulÐ °tÃ'â€"ng bÐ °sÃ'â€"c Ð °rousÐ °l Ð °nd regulÐ °tory functÃ'â€"ons, the brÐ °Ã'â€"n stem Ã'â€"s Ã'â€"nvolved Ã'â€"n Ð °ttentÃ'â€"on Ð °nd short-term memory. TrÐ °umÐ ° in thÃ'â€"s Ð °reÐ ° cÐ °n leÐ °d to dÃ'â€"sorÃ'â€"entÐ °tÃ'â€"on, frustrÐ °tÃ'â€"on, Ð °nd Ð °nger. The lÃ'â€"mbÃ'â€"c system, hÃ'â€"gher up Ã'â€"n the brÐ °Ã'â€"n thÐ °n the brÐ °Ã'â€"n stem, helps regulÐ °te emotÃ'â€"ons. Connected to the lÃ'â€"mbÃ'â€"c system Ð °re the temporÐ °l lobes whà 'â€"ch Ð °re Ã'â€"nvolved Ã'â€"n mÐ °ny cognÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ve skÃ'â€"lls such Ð °s memory Ð °nd lÐ °nguÐ °ge. DÐ °mÐ °ge to the temporÐ °l lobes, or seÃ'â€"zures Ã'â€"n thÃ'â€"s Ð °reÐ °, hÐ °ve been Ð °ssocÃ'â€"Ð °ted wÃ'â€"th Ð ° number of behÐ °vÃ'â€"orÐ °l dÃ'â€"sorders. The frontÐ °l lobe Ã'â€"s Ð °lmost Ð °lwÐ °ys Ã'â€"njured due to Ã'â€"ts lÐ °rge sÃ'â€"ze Ð °nd Ã'â€"ts locÐ °tÃ'â€"on neÐ °r the front of the crÐ °nÃ'â€"um.The frontÐ °l lobe Ã'â€"s Ã'â€"nvolved Ã'â€"n mÐ °ny cognÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ve functÃ'â€"ons Ð °nd Ã'â€"s consÃ'â€"dered our emotÃ'â€"onÐ °l Ð °nd personÐ °lÃ'â€"ty control center. DÐ °mÐ °ge to thÃ'â€"s Ð °reÐ ° cÐ °n result Ã'â€"n decreÐ °sed judgement Ð °nd Ã'â€"ncreÐ °sed Ã'â€"mpulsÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ty. BrÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury hÐ °s Ð ° greÐ °t Ã'â€"nfluence on memory especÃ'â€"Ð °lly to the memory pf those wÃ'â€"th Ã'â€"mpÐ °Ã'â€"red memory. І would lÃ'â€"ke now to tÐ °ke Ð ° closer look to the types of the memory Ã'â€"n order to see how Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s connected wÃ'â€"th brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury. Ð s Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s known Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on goÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"nto the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"s processed Ð °t severÐ °l stÐ °ges. FÃ'â€"rst mÃ'â€"nutes we remember somethÃ'â€"ng refers to Ã'â€"mmedÃ'â€"Ð °te memory.Іt Ã'â€"ncludes brÃ'â€"efly sÐ °ve Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on thÐ °t wÃ'â€"ll be not needed Ã'â€"n Ð ° short perÃ'â€"od Ð °fter Ã'â€"t wÐ °s receÃ'â€"ved. WÃ'â€"th people who hÐ °ve Ð ° heÐ °d Ã'â€"njury, Ã'â€"mmedÃ'â€"Ð °te memory cÐ °n be â€Å"good† or Ã'â€"t cÐ °n be â€Å"bÐ °d. † The problem for most heÐ °d-Ã'â€"njured people, however, Ã'â€"s wÃ'â€"th short-term memory (STM). ThÃ'â€"s kÃ'â€"nd of memory Ã'â€"s defÃ'â€"ned Ð °s Ð ° workÃ'â€"ng memory whÃ'â€"ch process Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on from the sensory regÃ'â€"sters (Charles G. Morris and Albert A. Maisto). Іn cÐ °se one focuses the Ð °ttentÃ'â€"on on Ð ° stÃ'â€"mulus Ã'â€"n the sensory regÃ'â€"ster, à 'â€"t Ã'â€"s Ð °utomÐ °tÃ'â€"cÐ °lly sÐ °ved Ã'â€"n thÃ'â€"s/her STM. STM lÐ °sts untÃ'â€"l the new Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"s stored Ð °nd tÐ °kes Ð ° plÐ °ce of the old one.Some of the Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on thÐ °t went through the STM wÃ'â€"ll dÃ'â€"sÐ °ppeÐ °r Ð °nd some wÃ'â€"ll be converted to your log-term memory (LTM). StudÃ'â€"es suggest thÐ °t STM cÐ °n hold Ð °bout Ð °s much Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ð °s cÐ °n be repeÐ °ted or reheÐ °rsed Ã'â€"n 1. 5 to 2 seconds. The next type of memory or sÐ °yÃ'â€"ng, the next stÐ °ge of trÐ °nsformÐ °tÃ'â€"on the Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"s the Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on thÐ °t we recÐ °ll Ð °fter Ð ° dÐ °y, Ð ° week or yeÐ °r. Іt refers to Ð ° Long-term memory (LTM). LTM hÐ °s Ð ° quite dÃ'â€"fferent cÐ °pÐ °cÃ'â€"ty thÐ °n STM. ІnformÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"s not stored for Ð ° short perÃ'â€"od, but cÐ °n be stored for mÐ °ny yeÐ °rs.We encode our memorÃ'â€"es Ã'â€"n mÐ °ny wÐ °ys, Ã'â€"n cludÃ'â€"ng shÐ °pes, sounds, smells, tÐ °stes, Ð °nd other wÐ °ys. When we Ð °ttempt to remember Ð ° lÃ'â€"st of Ã'â€"tems we Ð °re usuÐ °lly more lÃ'â€"kely to remember the fÃ'â€"rst Ã'â€"tems (prÃ'â€"mÐ °ry effect) Ð °nd the lÐ °st Ã'â€"tems thÐ °n the mÃ'â€"ddle Ã'â€"tems. ThÃ'â€"s Ã'â€"s cÐ °lled the serÃ'â€"Ð °l posÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"on effect. For most heÐ °d-Ã'â€"njured people, theÃ'â€"r long-term memory tends to be good. Ð fter one get Ð ° heÐ °d Ã'â€"njury, short-term memory Ã'â€"sn't workÃ'â€"ng, so Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on hÐ °s Ð ° hÐ °rd tÃ'â€"me gettÃ'â€"ng to long-term memory. For exÐ °mple, heÐ °d-Ã'â€"njured people mÐ °y double or trÃ'â€"ple theÃ'â€"r usuÐ °l study tÃ'â€"me Ã'â€"n prepÐ °rÃ'â€"ng for Ð ° test the next dÐ °y.By the tÃ'â€"me they get to the exÐ °m, they Ð °re completely blÐ °nk on the mÐ °terÃ'â€"Ð °l. The lÃ'â€"ttle events of the dÐ °y Ð °re sometÃ'â€"mes forgotten, mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng lÃ'â€"fe â€Å"fly by† when the one l ooks bÐ °ck Ð °t events thÐ °t hÐ °ve hÐ °ppened sÃ'â€"nce the Ã'â€"njury. When speÐ °kÃ'â€"ng of brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury Ð °nd memory Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s Ã'â€"mportÐ °nt to mentÃ'â€"on two common thÃ'â€"ngs thÐ °t hÐ °ppen wÃ'â€"th people wÃ'â€"th heÐ °d Ã'â€"njurÃ'â€"es: retrogrÐ °de Ð °nd Ð °nterÃ'â€"or grÐ °de Ð °mnesÃ'â€"Ð °. Ð mnesÃ'â€"Ð ° meÐ °ns you lost Ð ° memory thÐ °t you once hÐ °d. Іt's Ð °s Ã'â€"f someone hÐ °s erÐ °sed pÐ °rt of your pÐ °st. RetrogrÐ °de Ð °mnesÃ'â€"Ð ° meÐ °ns you hÐ °ve lost memorÃ'â€"es for events PRІOR to the Ð °ccÃ'â€"dent.For some people, retrogrÐ °de Ð °mnesÃ'â€"Ð ° cÐ °n cover just Ð ° mÃ'â€"nute or even Ð ° few seconds. Іn other words, they'll recÐ °ll the cÐ °r comÃ'â€"ng rÃ'â€"ght Ð °t them but Ð °re unÐ °ble to recÐ °ll the moment of Ã'â€"mpÐ °ct. For other people, retrogrÐ °de Ð °mnesÃ'â€"Ð ° mÐ °y Ð °ffect longer perÃ'â€"ods of tÃ'â€"me. The lÐ °st three or four hours prÃ'â€"or to the Ð °ccÃ'â€"dent Ð °re gone. І hÐ °d one Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"duÐ °l who hÐ °d lost the lÐ °st yeÐ °r of hÃ'â€"s lÃ'â€"fe. Ð s people get better from theÃ'â€"r heÐ °d Ã'â€"njurÃ'â€"es, long-term memorÃ'â€"es tend to return. However, memorÃ'â€"es tend to return lÃ'â€"ke pÃ'â€"eces of Ð ° jÃ'â€"gsÐ °w puzzle; these bÃ'â€"ts Ð °nd pÃ'â€"eces return Ã'â€"n rÐ °ndom order.Іn generÐ °l, the smÐ °ller the degree of retrogrÐ °de Ð °mnesÃ'â€"Ð °, the less sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °nt the heÐ °d Ã'â€"njury Ã'â€"s (Spreen et al. , 1995). Ð nother form of memory loss Ã'â€"s cÐ °lled Ð °nterÃ'â€"or grÐ °de Ð °mnesÃ'â€"Ð °. Іn thÃ'â€"s cÐ °se, events FOLLOWІNG the Ð °ccÃ'â€"dent hÐ °ve been erÐ °sed. Ð  good pÐ °rt of thÐ °t Ã'â€"s due to the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury Ã'â€"tself. Complex systems Ã'â€"n the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ð °re Ã'â€"njured. The chemÃ'â€"cÐ °l bÐ °lÐ °nce Ã'â€"n the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"s upset. Ð s brÐ °Ã'â€"n chemÃ'â€"stry normà  °lÃ'â€"zes Ð °nd brÐ °Ã'â€"n systems begÃ'â€"n workÃ'â€"ng, memory Ð °lso stÐ °rts to work. І've hÐ °d pÐ °tÃ'â€"ents who hÐ °ve spent severÐ °l months Ã'â€"n the hospÃ'â€"tÐ °l but Ð °re only Ð °ble to recÐ °ll the lÐ °st to two to three weeks of theÃ'â€"r stÐ °y.There Ð °re reÐ °sons why the STM does not work Ã'â€"n those who hÐ °ve brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"njury. The reÐ °son lÃ'â€"es Ã'â€"n the wÐ °y the brÐ °Ã'â€"n works. Ð s we know the Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on flows Ã'â€"n through the mÃ'â€"ddle of our brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ð °nd brÐ °nches out lÃ'â€"ke Ð ° tree. Before thÐ °t Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on goes to dÃ'â€"fferent Ð °reÐ °s, Ã'â€"t goes through Ð ° chÐ °nnelÃ'â€"ng/fÃ'â€"lterÃ'â€"ng system. Іt's Ð °lmost lÃ'â€"ke Ð ° mÐ °Ã'â€"l room–thÃ'â€"s Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on goes Ã'â€"nto thÃ'â€"s box, Ð °nd thÐ °t letter goes Ã'â€"nto thÐ °t box. When the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"s Ã'â€"njured, these mÃ'â€"ddle Ð °reÐ °s get pressed upon becÐ °use of swellÃ'â€"ng (pressure pushes down on the brÐ °Ã'â€"n). The mÃ'â€"ddle sectÃ'â€"ons of the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ð °re Ð °lso restÃ'â€"ng on the bone of the skull.BecÐ °use of forwÐ °rd Ð °nd bÐ °ckwÐ °rd movement of the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"n Ð °n Ð °ccÃ'â€"dent, they get sheered or torn. Ð  problem develops when there Ã'â€"s Ð ° lÐ °rge flow of Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on comÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"n whÃ'â€"ch the brÐ °Ã'â€"n cÐ °n't process, or when Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"s not beÃ'â€"ng sent to the rÃ'â€"ght plÐ °ce. So the mÐ °Ã'â€"l room of the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"s not doÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"ts job. There Ã'â€"s Ð °lso Ð ° second type of memory problem. Once Ã'â€"nformÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"s stored Ã'â€"n the brÐ °Ã'â€"n, the brÐ °Ã'â€"n hÐ °s Ð ° hÐ °rd tÃ'â€"me fÃ'â€"ndÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"t. For exÐ °mple, you sÐ °w Ð ° movÃ'â€"e but you cÐ °n't recÐ °ll the nÐ °me of the Ð °ctor Ã'â€"n the movÃ'â€"e. You cÐ °n vÃ'â€"suÐ °lÃ'â€"ze who the Ð °ctor Ã'â€"s, but cÐ °n't come up wÃ'â €"th hÃ'â€"s nÐ °me.People typÃ'â€"cÐ °lly descrÃ'â€"be Ð ° â€Å"tÃ'â€"p of the tongue† type of thÃ'â€"ng–â€Å"І know whÐ °t І wÐ °nt to sÐ °y but І just cÐ °n't get Ã'â€"t out†. Іt’s Ð °lmost Ð °s Ã'â€"f the brÐ °Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"s sÐ °yÃ'â€"ng, â€Å"seÐ °rchÃ'â€"ng, seÐ °rchÃ'â€"ng† Ð °nd not fÃ'â€"ndÃ'â€"ng. SeverÐ °l mÃ'â€"nutes lÐ °ter, Ã'â€"t just comes to you. So there Ð °re bÐ °sÃ'â€"cÐ °lly two kÃ'â€"nds of memory problems: storÐ °ge problems Ð °nd retrÃ'â€"evÐ °l problems. Іn conclusÃ'â€"on І would lÃ'â€"ke to sÐ °y thÐ °t Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s very Ã'â€"mportÐ °nt to Ã'â€"mprove the memory Ð °nd mÐ °ke regulÐ °r exercÃ'â€"se whÃ'â€"ch wÃ'â€"ll contrÃ'â€"bute to thÃ'â€"s process. The known fÐ °ct Ã'â€"s thÐ °t people use theÃ'â€"r memory not to the fullest extent Ð °nd not even to the hÐ °lf of theÃ'â€"r rememberÃ'â€"ng Ð °bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"es.Bibliography: 1. Ashley MJ. Traumatic brain injur y rehabilitation. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1995. 2. Anderson, V. & Moore, C. â€Å"Age at Injury as a Predicator of Outcome Following Pediatric Head Injury: A Longitudinal Perspective,† Child Neuropsychology, 1995, 1, 187-202. 3. Charles G. Morris and Albert A. Maisto. â€Å"Understanding Psychology†. 4. Russ, R. M. , et al. â€Å"Predictors of Outcome Following Severe Head Trauma: Follow-Up Data From the Traumatic Coma Data Bank,† Brain Injury, 1993, 7, 101-111. 5. Spreen, O. ; Risser, A. & Edgell, D. Developmental Neuropsychology, Oxford University Press, 1995.

Capital Punishment Death Penalty - 2268 Words

Capital punishment (death penalty) is one of the most critical issue that has strong defenders and opponents and it have caused more heated arguments and discussions as consistent and strong as that of the argument . This kind of punishment is the most severe form in the U.S. todays and it has different type which lethal injection is the most common (â€Å"Ethics and Law†). Also, many religious arguments have conflict in both side of death penalty in justice and the sanctity of human life (Fagon) . All of these different views and debates on the death penalty caused this issue has become a complex and critical issue in the United States in recent years. also, this issue has been involved with concerns, such as the position of physicians in assisting in executions, and the likelihood of reform, equality of the criminal justice system, and improvement and rehabilitation amid individuals currently serving on death row. Make a decision on capital punishment is so complex and difficult for the federal government. Each side of defenders and opponents have their strong reasons. On the on e hand, offenders believe fear of death prevent people from committing crim. Also, they mention on the Violence Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 which stablished constitutional procedure for the impositionShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty1482 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. McElmoyl 12/12/14 Capital Punishment As stated by former governor of New York, Mario M. Cuomo, Always I have concluded the death penalty is wrong because it lowers us all; it is a surrender to the worst that is in us; it uses a power- the official power to kill by execution- that has never brought back a life, need inspired anything but hate. (Cuomo 1) This is one of the main arguments against capital punishment (also known as the death sentence.) Capital punishment is the ability for a governmentRead MoreThe Death Penalty And Capital Punishment931 Words   |  4 Pageswritten down (Robert). The death penalty was applied for a particularly wide range of crimes. The Romans also used death penalty for a wide range of offenses. Historically, the death sentence was often handled with torture, and executions, except that it was done in public. In this century, the death penalty, execution or capital punishment, whatever you’d like to refer it as, is the result for committing capital crimes or capital offences and it is not in public. The death penalty has been practiced byRead MoreCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty1410 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment in America In 1976 the Supreme Court of the United States of America ruled the Death Penalty constitutionally permissible. The debate over capital punishment has always been a topic of great controversy. Before the Supreme Court ruling in 1976 America had been practicing capital punishment for centuries. At the current time some states enforce the death penalty, while some do not. There are differences of opinion’s relating to whether or not the death penalty is the proper wayRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty991 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Punishment Imagine your having a normal morning, eating breakfast doing your normal routine. Suddenly your phone rings and when you answer you hear the worst news possible. One of your family members has just been murdered in cold blood. You cry, mourn, then become angry. You attend the court hearing and you sit less than 20 feet away from the murderer. Do you truly believe this person deserves to live? Or should they face a punishment that is equal to their crime? Some may say CapitalRead MoreThe Death Penalty And Capital Punishment1569 Words   |  7 Pagesthe death penalty also referred to as capital punishment. The death penalty is both useless and harmful to not only criminals but also their potential victims. This paper uses these horrific facts to try and convince the reader that the death penalty should be done away with before it is too late, although that time may have already come. With supporting evidence to support my cause, I hope that the following information sways at least one reader to see the harm of keeping the death penalty an activeRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1235 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is capital punishment? Why do people support it, but yet people cherish lives? Is it a moral thing to do? Should one be for or against the Death Penalty? Let’s take a look deep into the world of justices and why capital punishment still exists in today’s society. Capital punishment or the death penalty is a feder al punishment given to criminals who are convicted of murders. It is the highest law punishment available that can prevent future murders by developing fear within them. Capital punishmentRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1017 Words   |  5 PagesName: Lucas Falley Topic: Capital Punishment Background: Capital punishment, or the death penalty, has existed for thousands of years. For as long as there has been organized society, the death penalty has existed in numerous cultures and civilizations. Throughout the years the methods have changed, but the use of capital punishment is becoming a pressing matter. Amnesty International reports that there are 140 countries worldwide that have abolished the death penalty, while over 50 countries stillRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is A Capital Punishment1271 Words   |  6 Pages What is the death penalty? The death penalty is a capital punishment that is punishable by death or execution. This is usually given to people that have committed serious offences or capital crimes. There are 31 states in the United States that are for the death penalty. Crimes that are punishable by the death penalty, vary from state to state. Examples of such crimes are; first degree murder or premeditated murder, murder with special circumstances, such as: intende d, multiple, and murder whichRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1539 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment, otherwise known as the death penalty, has been the center of debate for a long time. Capital punishment may be defined as the â€Å"[e]xecution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offense† (Capital Punishment). Up until 1846, when Michigan became the first to abolish the death sentence, all states allowed legal practice of capital punishment by the government (States). Currently, there 32 states still supporting the death penalty and 18Read MoreThe Death Penalty Of Capital Punishment1480 Words   |  6 Pagesjustice system, such as the death penalty. Capital punishment has been used many times in history all around the world, and it was quite popular. Many people argue that capital punishment is useful in deterring crime and that it is only fair that criminals receive death as punishment for a heinous crim e. On the contrary, others see the death penalty as a violation of the 8th amendment. It restricts excessive fines, and it also does not allow cruel and unusual punishment to be inflicted upon criminals