The Effect of PTSD on the Brains Hippocampus

The Effect of PTSD on the Brain's Hippocampus PTSD Related Conditions Print The Effect of PTSD on the Hippocampus By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on January 23, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on February 05, 2020 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children  Jetta Productions Inc/Getty Images Advances in medical technology, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have offered insight into the role the brain may play in different mental disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Researchers have focused specific attention on the hippocampus in cases of PTSD. What Is the Hippocampus? The hippocampus is a part of the limbic system of the brain. The limbic system describes a group of brain structures that surround the brain stem. The brain structures that make up the limbic system play a major role in how one  experiences certain emotions (fear and anger), motivations, and memory.?? The hippocampus is responsible for the ability to store and retrieve memories. People who have experienced some kind of damage to their hippocampus may have  difficulties storing and recalling information. Along with other limbic structures, the hippocampus also plays a role in a persons ability to overcome fear responses.?? The Hippocampus Role  in PTSD Many people with PTSD experience memory-related difficulties. They may have difficulty recalling certain parts of their traumatic event.?? Alternatively, some memories may be vivid and always present for these individuals. People with PTSD may also have problems overcoming their fear response to thoughts, memories or situations that are reminiscent of their traumatic event. Due to the hippocampus role in memory and emotional experience, it is thought that some of the problems people with PTSD experience may lie in the hippocampus.?? How Might PTSD Affect the Hippocampus? Some studies suggest that constant stress  may damage the hippocampus.?? When we experience stress, the body releases a hormone called cortisol, which is helpful in mobilizing the body to respond to a stressful event. Some animal studies, though, show that high levels of cortisol may play a role in damaging or destroying cells in the hippocampus. While cortisol is released in higher amounts when a person is under a great deal of stress, either chronically or acutely, this process is actually more complicated than just elevated cortisol. The increase in cortisol also signals the immune system, which releases inflammatory chemicals called cytokines, which in turn can activate cells called microglia. These in turn switch from production of serotonin to a higher production of glutamate, a very important excitatory neurotransmitter that, if present in excessive amounts, can lead to brain cell damage or death.?? Such a constant barrage of higher glutamate levels may be what damages the hippocampus. Antidepressants such as SSRIs (such as Prozac) and SNRIs (such as Cymbalta) help to block the transport of these inflammatory cytokines across the blood-brain barrier. Researchers have also looked at the size of the hippocampus in people with and without PTSD. They have found that people who have severe, chronic cases of PTSD have smaller hippocampi?? . This indicates that experiencing ongoing stress as a result of severe and chronic PTSD may ultimately damage the hippocampus, making it smaller. Does the Hippocampus Play a Role in Determining PTSD Risk? Not everyone who experiences a traumatic event develops PTSD. Therefore, researchers have also proposed that the hippocampus may play a role in determining who is at risk for developing PTSD. Specifically, it is possible that having a smaller hippocampus may be a sign that a person is vulnerable to developing a severe case of PTSD following  a traumatic event. Some people may be born with a smaller hippocampus, which could interfere with their ability to recover from a traumatic experience, putting them at risk for developing PTSD. In twin studies that focused on  identical twins, with one twin exposed to a traumatic event (combat) and the other unexposed, researchers are able to look at pre-existing vulnerabilities that may be present in both twins, as well as differences that may be due to trauma.?? Since twin participants share the same genes, studying identical twins can provide insight into the influence of genetics on developing certain conditions. For example, in this case, if the person who developed PTSD has a smaller hippocampus and has a non-trauma exposed twin who has a smaller hippocampus, it would suggest that a smaller hippocampus may be a sign of genetic vulnerability for developing PTSD following a traumatic experience. In fact, this is exactly what researchers have found. People with severe PTSD had a smaller hippocampus, and they also had a non-trauma exposed twin with a smaller hippocampus. Consequently, a smaller hippocampus may be a sign that a person is vulnerable or more likely to develop PTSD after a traumatic experience. Of course, it is important to remember that twins often share the same environment growing up, so it is difficult to tease apart the role nature versus nurture plays in the size of a persons hippocampus. So, the verdict is still out on the true relationship between the hippocampus and PTSD. How This Information Can Be Used There is still much to learn about the role certain parts of the brain play in PTSD formation. Knowing how PTSD affects the brain (and vice versa), however, is very important to study. Understanding which parts of the brain may impact PTSD can lead to the development of more effective medications for treating the disorder. In addition, this information may also help us better identify who is at risk for developing PTSD following a traumatic event.

How Secondary Qualities Can Fit Into The Theoretical...

In this paper, I will consider whether experiences of secondary qualities can fit into the theoretical framework of functionalism. I will begin this discussion by thoroughly explicating functionalism and the threat posed to it by secondary qualities. I will then consider Nida-Rà ¼melin’s inverted qualia argument and will contend that it employs a false conception of color perception. Finally, I will argue that experiences of secondary qualities may be analyzed through the functionalist model only after Lewis’ stipulation of the appropriate population is redefined. But first I must explicate functionalism itself. Functionalism broadly construed rests on the identity claim that concepts of mental states are concepts of functional states. In other words, the mental state that we call pain is defined causally by its functional role. We know that pain is apt to be caused by certain stimuli, such as pain or extreme heat, and is apt to cause certain responses, such as wincing and wishing for the pain to stop. Mental states, furthermore, are only contingently identical to their corresponding physical states. Though human pain may be identified with its neural state, the overarching concept of pain is non-rigid and may be applied to all states that are apt to be caused by certain stimuli and are apt to cause certain responses. This non-rigidity is a key feature functionalism, as it allows for creatures biologically unlike humans to experience pain. For example, the MartianShow MoreRelatedTracing Theoretical Approaches to Crime and Social Control: from Functionalism to Postmodernism16559 Words   |  67 Pagesteam of sociologists: to my peers for their support, in particular, Mike Trask, Joanni Hache, Caroline Trudel, and Alex Wilson; to my best friend Nicole Prime, your continuous friendship and educational assistance is appreciated more than words can express; to Dr. Jim Brittain for your influential insight into Karl Marx and the capitalistic social order; thank you to my second thesis supervisor, Dr. Anthony Thomson, for your unwavering patience, which afforded me a space of peace and tranquilityRead MoreCognitive psychology  . Essay5542 Words   |  23 Pagesof human cognition, that is, all our mental abilities – perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, reasoning, and understanding. The term â€Å"cognition† stems from the Latin word â€Å" cognoscere† or to know. 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Robert Frosts Poems Analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 661 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/02/14 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: Poetry Analysis Essay Did you like this example? Robert Lee Frost was an award winning American poet. He was an extremely successful poet that was known as a tragic poet. Frost uses ordinary speech in his poetry in hopes of making sense to readers and uses a lot of ordinary, everyday situations in his poetry. Even after dealing with much tragedy in his life Frost was able to write beautiful and unforgettable poetry. Robert Frost uses great imagery, symbols, and themes in his poems. His poems show a very clear, vivid picture of what is happening is occurring and do not leave readers with questions. Frost’s poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is a bittersweet poem and was written in 1916. In this poem most of the imagery is visual. Frost uses imagery to describe the setting throughout the poem. â€Å"Two roads diverged in a yellow wood† (line 1). Right away the reader is able to visualize that the season is fall since the woods are yellow. Robert Frost chose a very relatable, understanding topic for this poem and a common matter people have to deal with. The theme is major decision making and what path to choose at the crossroads. â€Å"And sorry I could not travel both† (line 2). Although the marvelous outcome isn’t always clear this poem shows that you have to make the decision with confidence. The diverged roads symbolize the adventure life takes you on. â€Å"Because it was grassy and wanted wear† (line 8), symbolizes that the narrator wants to take on an adventure unusual from what he or she would normally do. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Robert Frosts Poems Analysis" essay for you Create order â€Å"Fire and Ice† is a poem about destruction written in 1923. It is a short, but powerful poem as Robert Frost shows us that both fire and ice can be destructive. The imagery is displayed in the fire and ice, too much of heat or cold can be powerful and destroy. In moderation both are pleasant and appealing. Fire symbolizes desire and ice symbolizes hatred. Frost is showing a possibility of how the world can end in this poem from destructive people. â€Å"Some say the world will end in fire / Some say in ice† (line 1-2). The destructive people being the ones that have the desire to do potentially harming activities and cold feelings like fire and ice. Destructive desires could be polluting the world and harming people. â€Å"As the speaker indicates by the end of the poem, both emotions and conditions are potentially violent and sufficient to destroy the world† (Explanation of: â€Å"Fire and Ice†). â€Å"Mending Wall† was written in 1914 and describes a wall that separates neighbors. In a way the wall brings the neighbors together but it separates them more than anything. The only way it brings them together is the annual repairing of the stone wall. â€Å"I have come after them and made repair† (line 6). The theme of this poem is the unnecessary separation humans create between each other. The narrator doesn’t seem too sure of the tradition of repairing the stone wall and the narrator views the wall as useless and a hassle. â€Å"There where it is we do not need the wall† (line 23). The stone wall is the principal symbol of this poem and it represents the physical and psychological barrier between the neighbors. The gaps in the poem represent openings that could lead to new experiences. â€Å"Frost mischievously navigates through the many meanings and functions of boundaries; how they separate, unite, and ultimately, how they might mend† (Pe rlow and Furman). In conclusion, all three of these poems written by Robert Frost have completely different meanings but all three are clear, visual stories. Frost’s poetry has to be some of the most easily understood poetry and he doesn’t lack a use of imagery, theme, or symbols in his poetry. Robert Frost uses a major sense of reality throughout his poetry and embraces real world problems in his writing, which I’m sure is why many people consider him one of the greatest American poets of the twentieth century.

Virtual Environments at a Geographical Scale, in either a Rural or an Urban Free Essays

Introduction To understand the word Virtual Environments, we have to go through the term Virtual Reality (VR). The term ‘VR’ means a computer simulated environments which can simulate the physical presence in places in the real world and also in the imaginary world. Most of the current virtual reality environments are firstly the visual experiences which are either displayed on the screen or through special additional sound effects. We will write a custom essay sample on Virtual Environments at a Geographical Scale, in either a Rural or an Urban or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now-a-days, these virtual environments are being employed in many areas such as gaming, computer science, geography etc. A good example in the context of geography is Virtual Globe. This is a 3D software model or just to say a representation of the Earth or another world. It provides the user, an ability to freely move around in the virtual environment. The viewing angle and position can be changed and provides a real virtual world. Different geographical features such as roads, buildings, and also demographic quantities such as population can also be viewed in a very real virtual environment. On 20th of November, 1997, Microsoft released a very popular virtual globe in name of Encarta virtual Globe 98, which was followed by Cosmi’s 3D World Atlas in the year 1999. But the first publicized online virtual globes were NASA World Wind (mid-2004) and Google Earth (mid-2005). The application of the virtual environments, in the context of the geographical visualisation which is lik ely geovisualisation had many challenges that are involves in that. Working on this aspect, over the past decade had many successful results. Visualisation in scientific computing (ViSC) is one of the successful implementations in this area particularly. To be more successful in the visual presentation, one should take the fullest advantage regarding the cognitive systems developed for interacting with the real world. However the use of the virtual environments in the visualisation includes many challenges and poses many questions regarding these either in a rural or an urban landscape. The special challenges in this are mainly with the kinds of information depicted, methods which are developed on this information over decades on depicting that particular information and then for what that information is applied was the problem. The virtual environments can be analysed by considering many aspects into consideration. The main thing is that â€Å"what may be meant by an environmentâ € . Then comes â€Å"What is meant by the process of virtualization† and next is that â€Å"Some aspects of the human performances that constrain the environmental design†. These are aspects involved in analysing the VE’s. Any experiment that is likely to be conducted in the virtual environment comes very closer to the issue in the real environment. In Conroy, 2001 it was stated that the previous research investigating topological perception and the way finding in the virtual and real patterns has shown the movement patterns in real and virtual environments are very much alike. In the experiment conducted regarding the distance calculation through a virtual environment, by taking six urban areas in to consideration, there are many key points that were observed at the end of the experiment analysis. The one with more heights are more confusing, windows and doors doesn’t make any big difference, too much detail etc were the comments received after the ex periment. In this experiment, in order to investigate the perceptive of the scale, the virtual urban environment’s were explored and navigated to observe this particular issue. Now, we will consider steamboat Chronicles, which is a game that represents a virtual environment. This is being discussed here because this also interestingly displays some similar characteristics to the urban landscapes. In this game, the player is likely to identify and discover the place by crossing the obstacles and boundaries same as in real life. It is necessary in this game to stop at stop-signs, respecting the speed limits etc and which is similar to the facets of the urban structures that we generally experience in our own real urban landscapes. And now this leads a viewer to consider this system in our own real urban landscapes, which helps in improving the transportation facilities, helping the law enforcement agencies etc. The innovation in the transportation technology can be observed in this particular game. This is how, the virtual environments brings up the issues and will become as grounds for some new technological innovations. A great change in one system can reflect a change that is made in another system and finally that would reflect on the total system. This is a rapidly changing world with a rapidly increasing technology. Now-a-days, the computer power and graphical display capabilities are tremendously increased. This is why the virtual environments have now proven to be more and more powerful medium for visualising. The visualisation of the spatial information and sharing these experiences regarding a common virtual study with other people is done through this medium. The combination of the virtual environments and the decision making practices for a good understanding of the real environments and its related dynamic natural processes. By this, these provide us a good opportunity for a greater involvement in the community decision making. When we consid er a particular case study area â€Å"Tool bin catchment in Western Australia†, a Live Link provides a network link between some game engine and a GIS. By this action, it helps communities envision landscape changes and in evaluating the decisions made in association with the selected scenarios. Augmented reality usually refers to the technology that is being integrated with the human sensory input or output. There are many good examples for the virtual environments and their capability in the context of rural or urban landscapes. Mostly, when we consider some popular games such as final fantasy VII, Farmville etc they present themselves as best examples for the virtual environments and we all know how addicting those games are. We will be in a different environment which provides reality with non-reality. To conclude, the virtual environments provides best ways in visualisation as a good medium for communicating as well as several other purposes in the context of geography. References: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_globe http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_environment#VR_reconstruction http://www.geovista.psu.edu/publications/NPIVM99/ammNPIVM.pdf http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B75C5-48TN3T9-1_user=10_coverDate=12%2F31%2F1991_rdoc=1_fmt=high_orig=gateway_origin=gateway_sort=d_docanchor=view=c_acct=C000050221_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=1bdd9ec15514f2be59913321de9ed895searchtype=a http://www.spacesyntaxistanbul.itu.edu.tr/papers%5Clongpapers%5C105%20-%20Mavridou.pdf http://blogs.utexas.edu/gamegeog/http://www.springerlink.com/content/m6542k3nnrm44kgr/ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6V9K-4DDXMB2-2_user=10_coverDate=05%2F31%2F2005_rdoc=1_fmt=high_orig=gateway_origin=gateway_sort=d_docanchor=view=c_acct=C000050221_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=18c35dfff1c4c7c51ec78f0190bac901searchtype=a http://books.google.com/books?hl=enlr=id=M3rAuvR-o-gCoi=fndpg=PA26dq=Virtual+Environments+at+a+Geographical+Scale,+in+either+a+Rural+or+an+Urban+Landscapeots=T-Wfg3hln8sig=vZwcvZYMj3t_twfxRaxG9PZc-34#v=onepageqf=false http://www.mrl.nottingham.ac.uk/~cmg/cgreenhalgh-thesis-singlespaced.pdfhttp://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=331781 http://www.mightystudents.com/essay/Navigation.Virtual.Environment.160463 http://www.geovista.psu.edu/publications/ica/ica99/ http://people.plan.aau.dk/~lbo/SIM/Geoviz_06/19-bodum.pdf How to cite Virtual Environments at a Geographical Scale, in either a Rural or an Urban, Essay examples

The 10 Stages Of Waiting For College Decisions

Nothing feels more like a judgment of who you are as a person and what youve accomplished than college admissions results. As you oscillate between crushing self-doubt and steeled confidence about how your application stacks up against others , take comfort in that everyone is riding this crazy roller coaster of emotions right alongside you Here are the 10 inevitable stages of waiting for college decisions. 1. People ask how youre feeling, and you feign not caring. I feel relaxed. Theres no point in worrying.2. But the more you hear about others acceptances, the more nervous you get.I have nothing to worry about. My acceptances are coming. Theyre coming right! 3. Paranoia creeps in. What if my recommendation letter got lost in the shuffle? What if my application isnt even complete? AND I DONT EVEN KNOW?! 4. Not knowing keeps you up at night. Yes, doctor, I have a bad case of insomnia because my whole life is at stake. 5. The pressure builds to a point you need to remind yourself to breathe. In Out In Out In ARGHH, I lost count! 6. You want to know, but you also dont want to know. Can I skip school today, mom? I cant get out of bed. Im paralyzed. With fear. 7. The mere mention of college decisions sends you into an emotional death spiral. Stop asking me questions!!! I. DONT. KNOW!!!! 8. Then your first e-mail comes in. You play it cool. You got this. Its no big deal. Your entire life is just a click away. 9. You pump yourself up for the big reveal, but you have a few false starts. Yeah, Im ready. Im ready. NOPE. NOT READY. 10. Wait, is that a CONGRATULATIONS! you read?!?!?!? Dance, baby, dance. FINALLY, its your turn to share your success story!#classof2022 #collegebound! Share your with us and help others who are interested in applying to your school better understand the application process. Plus, its a great way toearn extra money as a college student! What are you waiting for?

Titanic Essay Example

Titanic Essay Example Titanic Essay Titanic Essay Project Paper This year I did my project on the titanic, the lost ship wreck at sea. I chose my project because the titanic is very interesting to me, a ship that was supposed to be unsinkable actually sunk. When people thought the titanic was unsinkable the only reason they thought that was because of what the person in charge of the whole project said it was. But the white star line never actually claimed that the titanic was unsinkable. People still believed that she was unsinkable but when the accident happened they started to doubt that she really was unsinkable. But after the people saw what happened to the titanic they started to not believe what they were being told. The white star said it was practically unsinkable, not totally unsinkable. What happened that day was very tragic, many people lost their lives due to miscalculations of the crew. Its sad how many people died on that ship. That why they dont want to retrieve the parts of the ship wreck because its like a grave yard of souls. Some cool facts about the titanic are that the titanic was heading to new York as there final destination. years prior to the titanic ship wreck the name of the boat in the book Titan was almost the same design of the titanic and was labled unsinkable. But the only thing that has the titanic labled unsinkable was that the people who made the titanic said it was realitivley unsinkable. Throught out Titanics making there were a few mistakes, they didnt put enough life boats on borad to hold all the passengers. Instead they went the easy way out. If I was on the titanic that day I really dont know what I would have done. If I as one of those people who died on the titanic then I would have been very upset to know that there werent enough life boats for everyone, and that we would have had to use them. The titanic had 2223 passengers and 1570 of those people died. Meaning 653 people lived through the titanic. If you think about it its more than half that died Though Titanics strucuture was built it was lacking some of the essential parts. They could have used a stronger metal. Once again to label a ship unsinkable is a little bit much. I say that because every ship has the chance of sinking, thats Just a art of floating on the ocean. If I would have been think about going on the titanic I would have check how many life boats were on borad. If only people could hva epredicted what was going to happen that night. A lot of lives could have been saved, but that didnt happen. The titanic had the first ever swimming pool on a boat! Now these days they have spas and hpt tubs and waterparks! Sounds fun to me. Though the titanic has sunk dosnt mean that It will forgotten. The souls that remain with her will aways be there, no matter what we do. Titanic By macharwes

ERIKSSON Surname Meaning and Origin

ERIKSSON Surname Meaning and Origin Eriksson  is a patronymic surname meaning son of Erik, or Eriks son. Eriksson is the fifth most common surname in Sweden, behind Johansson, Andersson, Karlsson, and Nilsson. Swedish patronymic son names traditionally end in -son,  not -sen.  In Denmark the regular patronymic is -sen.  In Norway, both are used, although -sen  is more common. Icelandic names traditionally end in -son  or -dotir. Thus, Eriksen or Erikssen is the most common Danish, Norwegian, Dutch and German spelling, while Erikson or Ericson is the most common spelling found in the United States. Surname Origin:  Swedish, Danish, Norwegian,  English, German Alternate Surname Spellings:  ERICSSON, ERIKSON, ERIKSSEN, ERICSSEN, ERIKSEN, ERICSEN   Fun Facts About the ERIKSSON Surname Many Danes, Norwegians and Swedes who emigrated to America with the last name Eriksson or Erikssen, dropped the extra-s  after their arrival.   Famous People with the Surname ERIKSSON Leif Ericsson - Scandanavian explorerErik Erikson - German psychologist Genealogy Resources for the Surname ERIKSSON Erikson DNA PortalLearn how to best approach DNA testing when you have a Scandinavian  patronymic surname such as Eriksson. Eriksson Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as an Eriksson  family crest or coat of arms for the Eriksson surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   Eriksson Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Ericson surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Ericson query.   FamilySearch - ERIKSSON  GenealogyExplore over 3.7  million  historical records which mention individuals with the Eriksson surname, as well as online Eriksson family trees on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. GeneaNet - Eriksson  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Eriksson  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. ERIKSSON  Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Eriksson surname. DistantCousin.com - ERIKSSON Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Eriksson. The Eriksson  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Eriksson  from the website of Genealogy Today. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins